Ultrasonic LoRaWAN Sensor (a.k.a. "Oscar")

Target Measurement / Purpose

Distance measurements via ultrasound.

Features

• 30cm to 3m detection range
• up to 8 detected objects

Technical description

The device is based on the PGA460 from Texas Instruments (http://www.ti.com/product/PGA460)

• PGA460 Ultrasonic Module Hardware and Software Optimization
• PGA460 Ultrasonic Signal Processor and Transducer

The PGA enables tuning of the Ultrasonic Sensor for all kind of environments. The default firmware supports parameters tested in underground waste bins.

Lobaro offers customized tuning and consulting for environments where the default configuration does not match.

The sensor can detect multiple "objects" the LoRaWAN Payload only contains the first one!

Open Top vs. Closed Top

As for now the sensor is shipped with an open top membran. This has advantages in sensibility and range, but is more prone to environmental impacts.

Closed-Top Sensors (e.g. as used in Automotive) need more energy to send out a clear signal but are resistant against environmental impacts.

Configuration

LoRaWAN Parameters

The connection to the LoRaWAN network is defined by multiple configuration parameters. This need to be set according to your LoRaWAN network and the way your device is supposed to be attached to it, or the device will not be able to send any data.

There are two different methods to attach a device to a LoRaWAN network: Over-the-air-activation (OTAA) and Activation-by-personalisation (ABP). Depending on which method you are using you will have to set different values.

Several values are a number of bytes, that need to be entered as hexstrings (without 0x-prefix). So e.g. the DevEUI is a value of 8 bytes encoded in hex will be 16 hexdigits long. A sample value would be 0123456789abcdef.

Ultrasonic Parameters

Parameters specific to the sensor.

Parser

The Things Network (TTN)

This is a decoder written in JavaScript that can be used to parse the device's LoRaWAN messages. It can be used as is in The Things Network.

function decodeUInt16(byte1, byte2) {
    var decoded = byte1 | byte2 << 8;
    if ((decoded & 1 << 15) > 0) {  // value is negative (16bit 2's complement)
        decoded = ((

~decoded) & 0xffff) + 1;  // invert 16bits & add 1 => now positive value
        decoded = decoded * -1;
    }
    return decoded;
}


function Decoder(bytes, port) {
    // Decode an uplink message from a buffer
    // (array) of bytes to an object of fields.
    var decoded = {};

    if (port === 2) { // Payload
        decoded.vBat = (bytes[0] | bytes[1] << 8) / 1000.0;  // byte 6-7 (originally in mV)

        decoded.temp = decodeUInt16(bytes[2], bytes[3]) / 10.0;
        decoded.numResults = bytes[4];
        var idx = 5;

        decoded.results = [];


        for (var i = 0; i < decoded.numResults; i++) {
            var result = {};

            result.distance_mm = bytes[idx] | bytes[idx + 1] << 8 | bytes[idx + 2] << 16 | bytes[idx + 3] << 24;
            result.distance_m = result.distance_mm / 1000;
            result.tof_us = bytes[idx + 4] | bytes[idx + 5] << 8;
            result.width = bytes[idx + 6];
            result.amplitude = bytes[idx + 7];
            decoded.results[i] = result;
            idx += 8;
        }
    }

    // example decoder for status packet by lobaro
    if (port === 1) { // status packet
        decoded.firmwareVersion = bytes[0] + "." + bytes[1] + "." + bytes[2];  // byte 0-3
        decoded.vBat = (bytes[4] | bytes[5] << 8) / 1000.0;  // byte 6-7 (originally in mV)
        decoded.temp = decodeUInt16(bytes[6], bytes[7]) / 10.0;  // byte 8-9 (originally in 10th degree C)
        decoded.msg = "Firmware Version: v" + decoded.firmwareVersion + " Battery: " + decoded.vBat + "V Temperature: " + decoded.temp + "°C";
    }

    return decoded;
}
Example parser result

Note

Currently only the first detected object is uploaded via LoRaWAN!

{
  "numResults": 1,
  "results": [
    {
      "amplitude": 215,
      "distance_m": 0.761,
      "distance_mm": 761,
      "tof_us": 4539,
      "width": 122
    }
  ],
  "temp": 21.8,
  "vBat": 2.779
}

Example parser result

{
  "numResults": 1,
  "results": [
    {
      "amplitude": 215,
      "distance_m": 0.761,
      "distance_mm": 761,
      "tof_us": 4539,
      "width": 122
    }
  ],
  "temp": 21.8,
  "vBat": 2.779
}

You can think of the usonic signal as a strength of signal or volume over time

• Amplitude ranges from 0–255 and has no unit. It is highly influenced by the internal amplification parameter. An amplitude of 100 or above is interpreted as reflected signal. Values below 100 are dismissed as background noise.
• ToF is the Time of Flight measured in µs. From this and the speed of sound the distance to a detected object is calculated.
• Width indicates how "wide" a detected signal is in time. That is the time in µs before the amplitude drops back below the threshold.

Encoder

Used to update configuration on the device.

function Encoder(object, port) {
    // Encode downlink messages sent as
    // object to an array or buffer of bytes.
    var bytes = [];

    string = object["string"] || "";

    for (var i = 0; i < string.length; ++i) {
        bytes.push(string.charCodeAt(i));
    }

    return bytes;
}

CE Declaration of Conformity

CE Declaration of Conformity (pdf).